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precedence: bulk Subject: Risks Digest 20.32

RISKS-LIST: Risks-Forum Digest Tuesday 20 April 1999 Volume 20 : Issue 32

FORUM ON RISKS TO THE PUBLIC IN COMPUTERS AND RELATED SYSTEMS (comp.risks) ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator

***** See last item for further information, disclaimers, caveats, etc. ***** This issue is archived at <URL:http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/20.32.html> and at ftp.sri.com/risks/ .

Contents: Airbus Autopilot Failure? (Chuck Weinstock) Another old-fashioned bug comes back to byte (Jeremy Epstein) Risks of running a PKI (Steve Bellovin) New paper on Simulating Cyber Attacks, Defenses, and Consequences (Fred Cohen) Re: Ghost trains (Peter Campbell Smith) Re: GUIDs and Melissa (David M. Chess, JDean, Nick Brown, Russ Cooper) Re: Mainframe viruses (David M. Chess, Otto Stolz) Re: Microsoft reschedules Memorial Day (Bernard Sufrin) Re: Overzealous applications (Mark Brader) Re: Overzealous criticism (Peter da Silva) Calendar problem with old Calvin and Hobbes comics strips (Michael Cook) AT&T PINs (e) Ameritech calling card ready to use! (Nathan Brindle) High-Integrity System Specification and Design book (Jonathan Bowen) Abridged info on RISKS (comp.risks)

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 16:49:28 -0400 From: Chuck Weinstock <weinstock@sei.cmu.edu> Subject: Airbus Autopilot Failure?

I imagine it is too soon to know for sure whether it was an autopilot failure. We've seen enough finger pointing in other incidents for us not to believe the first reports without some additional evidence. Chuck

On 19 Apr 1999, an Air India Airbus 320 en route from Singapore to Bombay via New Delhi had apparent had an autopilot failure at 27,000 feet, resulting in a dive that injured three crew members (two seriously) and an infant. The pilot was able to regain control, and manually flew the jet to Bombay. [Source: AFP, 19 Apr 1999; PGN-ed]

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 14:11:50 -0700 From: "Epstein, Jeremy" <Jeremy_Epstein@NAI.com> Subject: Another old-fashioned bug comes back to byte

Wired reports in "'EBayla' Bug Strikes eBay" (see http://www.wired.com/news/news/technology/story/19207.html) that eBay users can enter an HTML description of the item being auctioned. However, the script provided by the seller can also include Javascript, thus allowing the seller to create a fairly simple web page that, when accessed by the unsuspecting bidder, can capture the bidder's eBay username and password and send it to the bidder (or anyone else).

This is a new version of an old bug: if you allow users to specify input that can be used by others, make sure there's enough filtering that it can't be harmful.

Perhaps the scariest part was the reaction from eBay, as reported by Wired: "EBay's senior director of corporate communications characterized the hole as an 'occasional byproduct' of the service's user-focused design." eBay downplayed the severity of the exploit, noting that "If somebody had indeed used your password as well as your username and started bidding on a bunch of items, you'd be the first person to be contacted by eBay through e-mail, and we'd be able to backtrack on that to make sure that we could take care of that situation."

Gee thanks. After it happens, you'll let me know I just bought a velvet Elvis and a set of matching pink lawn flamingos :-)

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 10:42:02 -0400 From: Steve Bellovin <smb@research.att.com> Subject: Risks of running a PKI

There are many problems involved in setting up a robust public-key infrastructure. An oft-overlooked issue is bookkeeping -- just keeping track of what has been done. Today, even the most sophisticated companies can't get this right.

The other day, my daughter clicked on "Windows 98 Update" on her machine. Up popped the usual request to accept an ActiveX control. When she clicked on "Microsoft", a nice red "X" showed up -- the certificate had expired. Now, this has to be one of the most important non-root certificates in existence, since it controls updates to an extremely popular platform. And it is owned by one of the most technological companies in existence. And it was mishandled.

This isn't the first occurrence of this problem -- I reported similar incidents to Microsoft at least 9 months ago. And the problem isn't that the code had been tampered with, simply that some certificate in the chain had expired. But the administrative issues -- keeping track of all of the certificates -- are formidable.

There are also human factors issues here. The initial pop-up box doesn't indicate that there may be a problem. The secondary pop-up doesn't give the user any guidance on how to evaluate the seriousness of the issue -- should the control be accepted or not. And there was timezone and notational confusion -- this occurred late on April 16, the day the certificate expired -- if the certificate expired at midnight UTC, it was indeed invalid; if it expired at midnight Eastern time, where we were, or Pacific time, where Microsoft is, the checking code is buggy. There was also the usual question of 12am/12pm vs. noon or midnight.

My point here is not to pick on Microsoft. Rather, I'm asserting that the real difficulties in utilizing a PKI aren't solved by things like X.509 or SPKI; rather, there are serious generic issues involving keeping track of certificates and presenting the information to users in a useful form.

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1999 10:33:14 -0700 (PDT) From: Fred Cohen <fc@all.net> Subject: New paper on Simulating Cyber Attacks, Defenses, and Consequences

This morning, I posted a new paper to the all.net Web site that I think you might be very interested in. It will soon appear in print as an invited paper in "Computers and Security", it will be briefly covered in one of my short presentations at the IEEE Oakland conference, and it will be given in its entirety at the upcoming CSI conference. The paper is titled:

"Simulating Cyber Attacks, Defenses, and Consequences"

and it can be found at the all.net web site under:

Feature Articles: InfoSec Baseline Studies

I think that this is one of the most interesting papers I have written in the last two years, and I ask that those of you who are interested in such things take the time to read and comment on it. I thank you for your time.

FC Fred Cohen & Associates: http://all.net - fc@all.net - tel/fax:925-454-0171 [Fred's disclaimer omitted, distinguishing his FC&A and Sandia roles. PGN]

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1999 14:23:13 +0100 From: "Campbell Smith, Peter" <CampbellP@logica.com> Subject: Re: Ghost trains (PGN, RISKS-20.31)

PGN reported that recently a ghost train appeared in the BART (San Francisco metro) computers and he was surprised that 567 such incidents occurred in a two-year period.

Very many rail systems, BART included, use track circuits to detect trains - ie they rely on the train itself making an electrical connection between the two running rails. There are other detection methods used instead of or in conjunction with track circuits, but track circuits have been used for decades, are acceptably reliable in hostile environments and are generally accepted as safe. If they fail, they are much more likely to falsely report a train than falsely report the track as vacant.

One snag with track circuits is that they can only localise a train to somewhere within a stretch of track. To track trains reliably in a busy rail system like BART it is necessary to apply some additional heuristics, starting with the first law of train control - trains cannot be created or destroyed. This can still leave ambiguities: for example if three trains occupy adjacent track sections and then a gap opens up, is it behind or in front of the middle train? BART and other systems have a hierarchy of automatic algorithms followed by manual procedures and operating rules to overcome these sorts of problems, but however this is done there is always the possibility of ghost trains - ie track sections which appear to be occupied but which cannot be associated with a known train.

There are two main causes of ghost trains: failure to track correctly a real train - in which case the controller (human or computer) needs some independent corroboration that the train is in the section, and faulty track circuits, when the controller similarly needs corroboration that the section is indeed vacant. All rail systems, BART included, have operating procedures which allow trains to continue running, subject to certain rules, when track circuits fail.

Computerised control systems however have their limits and if a series of track circuits fails, especially in a congested area such as the one reported, the best option is to switch to manual control. The reason for this is that the only safe way to operate automatically would be to allow only one train at a time into the 'blind' section and wait for it to reappear at the other side before letting the next one in. Under manual control however trains can be made to go very slowly, to be driven with the driver in radio contact with control, or to operate with visual signals or even flagmen.

So in short, it isn't very surprising, at least to those who design train control systems, that ghost trains occur so often. They have been foreseen by those that built the system and it has been designed to operate safely, if not perhaps very rapidly, in their presence.

Peter Campbell Smith

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 11:34:08 -0400 From: chess@us.ibm.com (David M. Chess) Subject: Re: GUIDs and Melissa (PGN, RISKS-20.31)

> [Incidentally, there is confusion among the various news reports of > Melissa as to exactly when and how the GUID entered into the > identification of the perpetrator. Can anyone who really knows > enlighten us? PGN]

Well, I won't claim to really really know, but I may know as much as anyone else who's free to reveal. From what I can tell, the GUID in the original LIST.DOC was the same as the GUID in a document used to distribute an earlier virus (by "Vcodin ES"), and the same as the GUID in an even earlier document used to distribute an even earlier virus by someone with an even sillier "handle". Since the GUID isn't updated when an existing module is modified, it seems likely that this provides evidence only that virus writers tend to build on earlier viruses; something everyone already knew. It could provide evidence against the author of Melissa only rather indirectly; if for instance a number of documents were found containing early drafts of Melissa, or showing the progressive modification of the earlier Vcodin ES virus into Melissa, the continuity of GUIDs would help round out the story. But it is likely not the case that the GUID directly implicates the author; the GUID of the original Melissa LIST.DOC is probably not the same as the GUID placed in brand-new documents created on the virus author's system.

DC

[The reason for my original note that Dave has reproduced (above) was my suspicion that media reportage falsely implied that the GUID explicitly implicated the person arrested. But remember, digital evidence should always be considered suspect, especially with sloppy system security and sloppy administration, but even in the best of circumstances. PGN]

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Date: 19 Apr 99 06:36:46 -0500 From: jdean1@nomvs.lsumc.edu Subject: Re: GUIDs and Melissa (Graham, RISKS-20.31)

> If you open the Melissa document in BINARY mode (not in Word!), you can see > the following string: > > PID_GUID {572858EA-36DD-11D2-885F-004033E0078E}

Assuming this conforms to Internet Draft <draft-leach-uuids-guids-0.txt>, the date portion decodes to 8/18/1998 20:52:22.510 UTC -- long before Melissa appeared. (ftp://colbleep.ocs.lsumc.edu/pub/utility/win95/decoguid.zip contains my program to decode GUIDs).

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 12:52:25 +0200 From: BROWN Nick <Nick.BROWN@coe.fr> Subject: Re: GUIDs and Melissa (Graham, RISKS-20.31)

The NIC address which is placed in the GUID, is not obtained directly from the network card's hardware. It is obtained from the driver. And on NT at least (and I imagine on 95/98), you can change this. On NT it's at (assuming a NIC of type <card>): HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\<card>1\Parameters Add a string named "NetworkAddress" containing 12 hex digits, reboot, and away you go.

Of course, this is hugely powerful. I get my colleague's NIC address with ping and arp. Then I disconnect my PC from the network (to avoid conflicts), change my NIC address, create my Word document saying "the boss sucks", and leave the document lying around... (I'm assuming that if I just edit the document with Notepad to change the GUID, something might break in a checksum or something, but even that isn't clear). When the network administrator is called in to help in the witch-hunt, he'll find a smoking gun leading to my colleague's PC... in the office which he keeps locked at all times...

If you have a NIC but you're not currently on a LAN, I recommend changing your NIC address to 4675636B4D24, but you can use this mechanism to send any 6-character ASCII message you want...

Nick Brown, Strasbourg, France

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1999 01:27:53 -0400 From: Russ <Russ.Cooper@rc.on.ca> Subject: RE: GUIDs and Melissa (Graham, RISKS-20.31)

Robert Graham made some reasonable observations about GUIDs in the 20.31 digest, I would add...

1. If the machine does not have an Ethernet adapter, but say, has a modem instead (or no adapter), the MAC address component of the machine's base GUID is randomly generated at OS install time. It then appears to be re-used by anything that generates a GUID. There is no indication that it attempts to exclude adapter vendor assigned address space when generating this random value, meaning it may well duplicate a *real* MAC address.

2. GUIDs are based on the owner of the document. So in the case of virus databases and such, they would have to know they have a source document, not some document which had been infected, to know they had the original. In the case of Melissa, because it spread so quickly, the parties (Richard Smith of Pharlap et al) believed they had the original from the newsgroups it first appeared in. While its possible, there's no way to prove it.

3. GUIDs don't identify the person who keyed the document, only the machine on which they were keyed. Anyone fearing repercussions from the circumstantial evidence merely has to do a fresh install of their OS to replace their GUID. In today's computing environment, it actually makes more sense to simply take the drive out to the road and run over it with your car a few times and throw it off a bridge, then for $150 replace it with a new one (and during the new OS install generate an entirely new GUID). Cutting and pasting the contents of one document (from one machine) to another (from another OS install or different machine) allows the contents to obtain a new GUID (or the GUID of someone you want to implicate if you have any other document from them).

While the press picked up on the GUID issue quickly (largely due to recent discussions about it and Richard's penchant for talking with the media), fact is if it were ever introduced and accepted as any sort of evidence we'd all be in for some bad times.

I remember the furor that was caused when an email, purported to be from the former Premier of Ontario Bob Ray, was put into the hands of the media. He was blasted for its contents, when in fact its author was merely identified by a FROM: address in an SMTP message. GUIDs in an MS document represent about the same level of assurance as to who the author was.

The obvious risk is that we need to ensure we're relying on reliable information as evidence of anything, as I'm sure Fred Cohen would agree...;-]

Russ - NTBugtraq moderator http://ntbugtraq.ntadvice.com

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 11:50:54 -0400 From: chess@us.ibm.com Subject: Re: Mainframe viruses (Kabay, RISKS-20.31)

>The Christmas Tree "virus" affected VM systems some 10+ years ago. (IIRC >it really affected PROFS.) I think it is reasonably comparable to Melissa.

In fact CHRISTMA EXEC worm (back in 1987) was a rather generic VM/CMS mail exploiter; it didn't require PROFS (one popular CMS mail client), nor as I recall did it specifically target the PROFS address book when looking for addresses to spam itself to. The similarities to Melissa are many: victims would receive a CHRISTMA EXEC in the mail from someone they knew (someone whose address book, roughly, they were in), and have to perform an explicit action (receive and run it) to have the worm actually execute.

>> Microsoft engineers decided to dispense with a security kernel ... >If a computer has an integrated word processor in its mail software, then it >very well might not take supervisor privileges for a word processor macro to >send mail. I think this was the source of the PROFS vulnerability.

This is a very good point. Of course it does not require supervisor privileges either to send e-mail or to alter one's own documents. In general, viruses do not need to violate access controls or obtain root privilege or alter the operating system in order to spread. I think in the original piece Mr. Kabay overemphasizes the lack of security in DOS-heritage systems when thinking about the causes of virus vulnerabilities. In fact, until the rise of network connectivity, PC security was very very strong: you, sitting at your PC over there, would have a much *harder* time altering files on my PC over here than the typical multi-user-system user would have altering files belonging to someone else on the same system. Since viruses spread via *authorized* communication channels (programs and documents that I intentionally share, or email that I am permitted to send), preventing programs from exercising unauthorized features isn't terribly relevant. Certainly there are things that current office systems could do better, security-wise, such as recognizing that a program or documents is from an untrusted source and limiting its function appropriately, but it's not realistic to imply that if only Microsoft had put a security kernel into Windows, viruses would never have become a problem. Whenever people use general-purpose programmable systems, and intentionally share programs and active content, viruses will continue to be a threat we must guard against; simply applying traditional access-control security to a system does not render viruses on that system either impossible or harmless.

DC

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1999 10:38:22 -0600 From: Otto Stolz <Otto.Stolz@uni-konstanz.de> Subject: CHRISTMA EXEC (was: Mainframe virus; RISKS 20.30 and 20.31)

Some corrections are due (this is not "IIRC", as the recent contributions: I've been there, seen it, even kept records).

On Fri, 9 Apr 1999 21:27:19 -0400 (EDT), hes@unity.ncsu.edu said: > The Christmas Tree "virus" affected VM systems some 10+ years ago. > (IIRC it really affected PROFS.)

It propagated only on VM/CMS systems, but it affected the whole EARN/Bitnet/ Netnorth and IBM's internal network Vnet, due to network overloading, from 1987-12-09 through 1987-12-14th. PROFS was not needed (cf. infra).

> I think it is reasonably comparable to Melissa.

Melissa propagates in two ways, both as a Word Macro Virus, and by sending mail through a particular e-mail user agent. In contrast, CHRISTMA EXEC was not a virus, and exploited CMS's SENDFILE command (a predecessor of FTP); PROFS, a mail service, was not used, at all. This type of code was then dubbed "Rabbit".

On Fri, 16 Apr 1999 19:01:25 -0400, jt5555@epix.net (Julian Thomas) said: > IIRC the program was called CHRISTMA EXEC that came in a message that > said something to the effect of "Don't worry, just run this".

Not quite so. It came as a bare EXEC file (akin to a .Bat file in the PC world, or to a shell script, in the Unix world), i. e. as a source file anybody could read (and everybody was supposed to understand :-) ).

It contained, after several screens full of rather boring REXX statements of the sort "display so-and-so many blanks and then so-and-so many asterisks...", a screen-sized comment block saying "Browsing a dull program like this one is no fun; just type CHRISTMAS to run it" or something to this effect. Actually, the addressee had to explicitly RECEIVE the file (i.e., move it from the system spool area to a local disk) before typing CHRISTMA would work. The blanks and asterisks would, of course, generate an ASCII-art image of a Christmas tree, on the user's screen.

> It then proceeded to send itself to everyone in the recipient's address > list. It wasn't exclusive to PROFS - also affected users of NOTE.

It harvested the addresses from two files: an audit trail of former file transfers (including e-mail sent and received), and the user's personal address book. Both were used by the CMS commands NOTE and SENDFILE; I do not know, whether PROFS used these same files.

The incident was discussed in RISKS: issues 5.72, 5.74, and 5.79, carry only folklore and open questions; in issue 5.80, item1, Ross Patterson comprehensively discusses CHRISTMA EXEC; issues 5.81 through 6.1 carry minor additions, and even more folklore (viz. a press item meant as a deterrent example of journalists not understanding the issues they are reporting about); issues 6.1 through 6.7 discuss whether source-code availability implies any security.

Five years later, CHRISTMA EXEC was discussed in Virus-L, issues 5-176 through 5-206 (and I had to correct, in issue 5-178, the same errors now re-told in RISKS); to get the archive files of this latter discussion, send e-mail to listproc@Lehigh.EDU containig the following lines: search Virus-L -all "CHRISTMA EXEC" get virus-l/Digests 5-176 get virus-l/Digests 5-178 (and so on; use the results of the search command mailed to you).

CHRISTMA EXEC "inspired" several epigones [*], who later produced the Rama, ZebraTell, Game2, and other VM rabbits [*].

Otto Stolz

[* Must have been epigonadotrophic. PGN]

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 11:56:36 +0100 From: bernard.sufrin@comlab.ox.ac.uk Subject: Re: Microsoft reschedules Memorial Day

Outlook 98's view of the dates of at least two of the UK bank holidays this year is also wrong by a week.

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 03:23:33 -0400 (EDT) From: msbrader@interlog.com (Mark Brader) Subject: Re: Overzealous applications (Cargill, Risks-20.31)

> Thus if you enter 2/4/99, it will be interpreted as 2 April 99 in the > UK, 4 Feb 99 in the US, etc. Fine so far, but what if you enter an > invalid date, such as 29/2/02? ... in fact, Access quietly accepts this > as a valid date - 29 Feb 2002!! The trouble seems to be that Access > tries too zealously to find a 'correct' interpretation, so if dd/mm/yy > (or mm/dd/yy) doesn't work, then it tries yy/mm/dd.

If that's the reason, I hope it interprets it as 2 Feb 2029, not 29 Feb 2002!!

Mark Brader, Toronto, msbrader@interlog.com

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Date: 19 Apr 1999 16:36:32 GMT From: peter@baileynm.com (Peter da Silva) Subject: Re: Overzealous criticism (Re: Cargill, RISKS-20.31)

>Fine so far, but what if you enter an invalid date, such as 29/2/02?

I assume you mean something like 2/2/29, because I would expect 29/2/02 to be accepted as 29 Feb 2002. Or did it come out as 2 Feb 1929?

> The trouble seems to be that Access tries too zealously to find a > 'correct' interpretation, so if dd/mm/yy (or mm/dd/yy) doesn't work, then > it tries yy/mm/dd.

Which is the normal date format in Japan.

> Of course, the problem goes away if you require users to enter four-digit > years, but it is still unwarrantedly aggressive behaviour.

Much as I like to lob bombs at Microsoft, I can't legitimately fault them for this. It's the social issues behind the Year 2000 problem that caught them up.

Peter da Silva <peter@baileynm.com>

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1999 12:56:21 -0500 From: mlcook@cca.rockwell.com (Michael Cook) Subject: Calendar problem with old Calvin and Hobbes comics strips

The "Calvin and Hobbes" comic strip web site has a calendar problem!

Universal Press Syndicate is re-running old C&H comic strips. Each day they run the strip from that date 11 years ago.

Another example of calendar problems in general, and a pre-Y2K Y2K problem!

The note on the C&H web pages:

Calvin is back! Each day we are reissuing an original Calvin and Hobbes strip, 11 years after it was first published. Start your adventure with the first Calvin and Hobbes Strip, published November 18, 1985. Please note: 1988 was a leap year, therefore, Sunday comics will appear on Saturday through February 2000.

http://www.calvinandhobbes.com/strips/88/04/ch880417.html [change date to wherever you want to start. ^^^^^^ But the 2-digit year field is not a problem here! PGN]

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 10:57:45 -0400 From: e <erisks@gmx.net> Subject: AT&T PINs (Re: RISKS-20.31)

AT&T does this all the time. my so-called PIN is actually printed onto the card as the last four digits of the long number.

I can only assume that telcos don't really care if "cards" (all you need is the n-digit number that's printed on it) are used by others, as long as someone pays the bill. And I admit that I never worried too much about it because my employer does that -- I would not accept this method for something i was paying for personally.

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Date: Mon, 19 Apr 1999 17:16:24 -0500 From: Nathan Brindle <nbrindle@netdirect.net> Subject: Ameritech calling card ready to use! (Re: RISKS-20.31)

I received a new calling card from Ameritech in today's mail. Conveniently enough they placed two little peel-off stickers--one with my telephone number, the other with my PIN--right next to the calling card, on the folder it came in. I'm sure they consider this to be less RISKy than actually printing the numbers on the card for me. Awfully nice of them, don't you think? :)

This is the kind of thing that makes me glad my mailbox has a lock :)

Nathan

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Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1999 14:13:48 +0100 (BST) From: Jonathan Bowen <jpb@csres.cs.reading.ac.uk> Subject: High-Integrity System Specification and Design book

The following book may be of interest to RISKS readers. It provides an introduction to computer-based system specification and design, paying particular attention to structured and formal methods, method integration, concurrency and safety-critical systems. The book consists of both original material and reprints of classic papers in the field of system specification and design.

J.P. Bowen and M.G. Hinchey. High-Integrity System Specification and Design. Springer-Verlag, London, FACIT series, April 1999. xviii+701 pages, 65 UK pounds. ISBN 3-540-76226-4.

Paper authors include Brooks, Craigen, Harel, Hoare, Lamport and Leveson.

For further on-line information, see: URL: http://www.fmse.cs.reading.ac.uk/hissd/

This includes a full list of papers and an electronic copy of the preface and table of contents.

Jonathan Bowen, The University of Reading, Dept of Computer Science Whiteknights, PO Box 225, Reading, Berks RG6 6AY, England Tel: +44-118-931-6544 (direct) -8611 (enquiries) Fax: +44-118-975-1994 Email: J.P.Bowen@reading.ac.uk URL: http://www.cs.rdg.ac.uk/people/jpb/

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Date: 23 Sep 1998 (LAST-MODIFIED) From: RISKS-request@csl.sri.com Subject: Abridged info on RISKS (comp.risks)

The RISKS Forum is a MODERATED digest. Its Usenet equivalent is comp.risks. => SUBSCRIPTIONS: PLEASE read RISKS as a newsgroup (comp.risks or equivalent) if possible and convenient for you. Alternatively, via majordomo, SEND DIRECT E-MAIL REQUESTS to <risks-request@csl.sri.com> with one-line, SUBSCRIBE (or UNSUBSCRIBE) [with net address if different from FROM:] or INFO [for unabridged version of RISKS information] .MIL users should contact <risks-request@pica.army.mil> (Dennis Rears). .UK users should contact <Lindsay.Marshall@newcastle.ac.uk>. => The INFO file (submissions, default disclaimers, archive sites, copyright policy, PRIVACY digests, etc.) is also obtainable from http://www.CSL.sri.com/risksinfo.html ftp://www.CSL.sri.com/pub/risks.info The full info file will appear now and then in future issues. *** All contributors are assumed to have read the full info file for guidelines. *** => SUBMISSIONS: to risks@CSL.sri.com with meaningful SUBJECT: line. => ARCHIVES are available: ftp://ftp.sri.com/risks or ftp ftp.sri.com<CR>login anonymous<CR>[YourNetAddress]<CR>cd risks [volume-summary issues are in risks-*.00] [back volumes have their own subdirectories, e.g., "cd 19" for volume 19] or http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/VL.IS.html [i.e., VoLume, ISsue]. PostScript copy of PGN's comprehensive historical summary of one liners: illustrative.PS at ftp.sri.com/risks .

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