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precedence: bulk Subject: Risks Digest 20.67

RISKS-LIST: Risks-Forum Digest Tuesday 7 December 1999 Volume 20 : Issue 67

FORUM ON RISKS TO THE PUBLIC IN COMPUTERS AND RELATED SYSTEMS (comp.risks) ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator

***** See last item for further information, disclaimers, caveats, etc. ***** This issue is archived at <URL:http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/20.67.html> and by anonymous ftp at ftp.sri.com, cd risks .

Contents: Crack in GSM cell-phone encryption scheme (NewsScan) Medical errors kill tens of thousands annually, panel says (Keith A Rhodes) Modern fire-alarm systems (Steven M. Bellovin) Why Computers are Insecure (Bruce Schneier) Jail for possessing a debugger? More on DVD encryption cracked (Daniel A. Graifer) Quicken cannot roll back transactions, and even lacks an Undo feature (Tom Welsh) Microsoft Works not saving spreadsheets (Shez) Inadvertent attachments with MS Outlook 98 (Jon Freivald) Counterfeit Japanese coins and resulting risk... (John F. Opie) Coppermine bug stops PC shipments (Sam Kasseman) Jane's article on cyberterrorism hype (Martin Minow) Stock performance charts (Jeremy Epstein) Railtrack timetable server has Y2K problems? (Christopher St.John) Worm.Mypic: Will Y2K provide cover for worm/viruses? (Mich Kabay) Y2K compliance (Identity withheld) Re: Irish telephone network outage brings Y2K fears (Henry Spencer) Risks of US-Euro date conversion (Ben Hines) Re: Mars climate orbiter (Michael Detambel) Re: Sarah Flannery (Timothy A. McDaniel) Abridged info on RISKS (comp.risks)

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Date: Tue, 07 Dec 1999 07:11:00 -0700 From: "NewsScan" <newsscan@newsscan.com> Subject: Crack in GSM cell-phone encryption scheme

Researchers Alex Birykov and Adi Shamir of Weizmann Institute in Israel have cracked the A5/1 encryption scheme that protects communications made over wireless phones using the GSM standard. The GSM protocol is employed in more than 215 million digital phones worldwide, including ones made by Pacific Bell and Omnipoint. Calling the researchers' claim "ridiculous," an Omnipoint executive says, "What they're describing is an academic exercise that would never work in the real world. What's more, it doesn't take into account the fact that GSM. calls shift frequency continually, so even if they broke into a call, a second later it would shift to another frequency, and they'd lose it." But UC-Berkeley computer security expert David Wagner believes that the discovery is "a big deal" that puts calls "within the reach of corporate espionage." (Source: *The New York Times*, 7 Dec 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/07code.html; from NewsScan Daily, 7 Dec 1999, reprinted with permission)

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Date: Wed, 01 Dec 1999 07:57:08 -0500 From: "Keith A Rhodes" <rhodesk.aimd@gao.gov> Subject: Medical errors kill tens of thousands annually, panel says

[NOTE: The privacy issues surrounding this new center will be massive. I believe it will be a real test of the government's will to apply the necessary resources to protect patient privacy. The IOM news release is at http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309068371?OpenDocument and the purchase information is at http://books.nap.edu/catalog/9728.html]

More people die each year in the United States from medical errors than from highway accidents, breast cancer or AIDS, according to a report of a National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine panel. Between 44,000 and 98,000 people die per year because of mistakes by medical professionals (and that is "probably an underestimate" because of unreported errors and uncovered areas of care). [Source: CNN, 30 Nov 1999]

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Date: Wed, 01 Dec 1999 21:43:49 -0500 From: "Steven M. Bellovin" <smb@research.att.com> Subject: Modern fire-alarm systems

The following note was sent to all occupants of my building:

> Today at 9:35 AM we experienced a Fire Alarm system failure. You may have > heard the bells or saw lights going off in certain parts of the building. > The program that controls the different parts of the alarm system appeared > to fail. We have completed repairs to the system and will have a system > programmer here tonight to perform testing.

A systems programmer to fix a fire alarm? Sigh.

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Date: Mon, 29 Nov 1999 10:30:20 -0600 From: Bruce Schneier <schneier@counterpane.com> Subject: Why Computers are Insecure

Almost every week the computer press covers another security flaw: a virus that exploits Microsoft Office, a vulnerability in Windows or UNIX, a Java problem, a security hole in a major Web site, an attack against a popular firewall. Why can't vendors get this right, we wonder? When will it get better?

I don't believe it ever will. Here's why:

Security engineering is different from any other type of engineering. Most products, such as word processors or cellular phones, are useful for what they do. Security products, or security features within products, are useful precisely because of what they don't allow to be done. Most engineering involves making things work. Think of the original definition of a hacker: someone who figured things out and made something cool happen. Security engineering involves making things not happen. It involves figuring out how things fail, and then preventing those failures.

In many ways this is similar to safety engineering. Safety is another engineering requirement that isn't simply a "feature." But safety engineering involves making sure things do not fail in the presence of random faults: it's about programming Murphy's computer, if you will. Security engineering involves making sure things do not fail in the presence of an intelligent and malicious adversary who forces faults at precisely the worst time and in precisely the worst way. Security engineering involves programming Satan's computer.

And Satan's computer is hard to test.

Virtually all software is developed using a "try-and-fix" methodology. Small pieces are implemented, tested, fixed, and tested again. Several of these small pieces are combined into a module, and this module is then tested, fixed, and tested again. Small modules are then combined into larger modules, and so on. The end result is software that more or less functions as expected, although in complex systems bugs always slip through.

This try-and-fix methodology just doesn't work for testing security. No amount of functional testing can ever uncover a security flaw, so the testing process won't catch anything. Remember that security has nothing to do with functionality. If you have an encrypted phone, you can test it. You can make and receive calls. You can try, and fail, to eavesdrop. But you have no idea if the phone is secure or not.

The only reasonable way to "test" security is to perform security reviews. This is an expensive, time-consuming, manual process. It's not enough to look at the security protocols and the encryption algorithms. A review must cover specification, design, implementation, source code, operations, and so forth. And just as functional testing cannot prove the absence of bugs, a security review cannot show that the product is in fact secure.

It gets worse. A security review of version 1.0 says little about the security of version 1.1. A security review of a software product in isolation does not necessarily apply to the same product in an operational environment. And the more complex the system is, the harder a security evaluation becomes and the more security bugs there will be.

Suppose a software product is developed without any functional testing at all. No alpha or beta testing. Write the code, compile it, and ship. The odds of this program working at all -- let alone being bug-free -- are zero. As the complexity of the product increases, so will the number of bugs. Everyone knows testing is essential.

Unfortunately, this is the current state of practice in security. Products are being shipped without any, or with minimal, security testing. I am not surprised that security bugs show up again and again. I can't believe anyone expects otherwise.

Even worse, products are getting more complex every year: larger operating systems, more features, more interactions between different programs on the Internet. Windows NT has been around for a few years, and security bugs are still being discovered. Expect many times more bugs in Windows 2000; the code is significantly larger. Expect the same thing to hold true for every other piece of software.

This won't change. Computer usage, the Internet, convergence, are all happening at an ever-increasing pace. Systems are getting more complex, and necessarily more insecure, faster than we can fix them -- and faster than we can learn how to fix them.

Acknowledgements: The phrase "programming Satan's computer" was originally Ross Anderson's. It's just too good not to use, though. A shortened version of this essay originally appeared in the November 15 issue of _Computerworld_, and also in the November Crypto-Gram.

Bruce Schneier, CTO, Counterpane Internet Security, Inc. Ph: 612-823-1098 3031 Tisch Way, 100 Plaza East, San Jose, CA 95128 Fax: 612-823-1590 Free Internet security newsletter. See: http://www.counterpane.com

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Date: Fri, 03 Dec 1999 13:54:39 -0500 From: "Daniel A. Graifer" <dgraifer@cais.com> Subject: Jail for possessing a debugger? More on DVD encryption cracked (20.66)

By reading the law like programmers, we may be in danger of going off half-cocked. Let me illustrate by analogy:

I recently served on the jury for the trial of a man caught outside a health gym in possession of credit cards stolen from that gym both that day and earlier, and a switchblade knife and a set of filed keys. Among the charges he faced was "possession of burglarious tools". Burglarious Tools are implements used or intended to be used to commit a burglary. The intended use in this case was pretty clear: how else did he come into possession of the credit cards if he hadn't broken into the lockers they came from? Some implements help demonstrate intent by themselves: What else would you use filed keys for? His actions made the knife one too; Even a screwdriver is a burglarious tool if that's what you are going to use it for. So yes, you CAN go to jail for possessing a screwdriver! Only an attorney could tell you if the new copyright protection laws are truly analogous. Anybody know an intellectual property lawyer willing to submit his comments?

We are also assuming that the intent of these encryption devices is to absolutely stop all piracy of the protected material. It's not; Not anymore than you expect the catch lock on the front of your house to impede a professional burglar. They are only intended to stop casual opportunism, and establish legally that the perp had to know he was making an unauthorized entry. We all make decisions about what level of security our wealth and neighborhood prudently require (catch lock, deadbolt or sophisticated alarm system). In some cases, legislation or case law has established a standard. In other cases, the standard is set contractually, ie. by your insurance company. Some lawyer has told the entertainment industry that prudence and due diligence requires the use of encryption serious enough to foil a casual pirate in order to maintain their copyright. They have failed at this by opting for security by obscurity and not employing the publicly reviewed techniques. Just like nobody in a U.S. urban area depends on a catch lock that can be defeated with a credit card. Prudence requires something stronger.

Daniel A. Graifer, Parker & Company 1-888-426-6548 <dgraifer@cais.com> Andrew Davidson & Company, 520 Broadway, 8th FL, NY 10012, (212)274-9075

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Date: Tue, 23 Nov 1999 12:18:18 +0000 From: Tom Welsh <tom@draco.demon.co.uk> Subject: Quicken cannot roll back transactions, and even lacks an Undo feature

Intuit's Quicken financial package, widely used by individuals and small businesses to keep track of their bank accounts, reflects a surprising set of design values. While adding countless user interface features and even Internet access over a series of releases, this program still denies users the fundamental ability to roll back transactions. It does not even have the "Undo" feature which, starting in word processors and text editors, has come to be expected in all well-written Windows applications.

When someone has been using Quicken for a number of years, the register for each bank account contains thousands of transactions. Each has a date associated with it. Unfortunately, Quicken's editing facilities are quirky to say the least, and it is quite easy when trying to change part of a date field to wind up with a date from an entirely different year. If someone is entering a string of transactions - perhaps copied from a pile of receipts - and typing ahead rapidly, an incorrect date may be overlooked. Once the return key has been struck to enter the transaction, however, Quicken provides no facilities whatsoever to cancel it, or even to find it.

Consider a register that contains over 3,000 transactions covering a period of five years up to the present. A mistyped transaction may end up with a date sometime in 1995 or 1996. Finding it again - even if the error is recognised - is like looking for a needle in a haystack. But the register will be impossible to reconcile properly until that rogue entry is found and set right.

The solution is quite simple. First of all, Quicken should provide an "Undo" feature. Second, the user should be able to commit or roll back any number of transactions once they have been entered. This should extend to being able to Quit and lose all changes made during the session. (Staggeringly, this option does not currently exist). Third, Quicken should keep a log or journal of all transactions entered. This could be provided as an option, and the length of the log could be made user-adjustable.

Integrity features like these would outweigh any number of cosmetic user interface "enhancements", wizards, and multimedia gimmickry.

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Date: Fri, 3 Dec 1999 06:15:39 +0000 From: Shez <newsreply@nospam.demon.co.uk> Subject: Microsoft Works not saving spreadsheets

Microsoft Works v. 4.5a for Windows does not properly save spreadsheets when you give the Save command during work. Instead it leaves the disk file open until you either Close the file window or Exit the application.

Whether data is written to disk at all prior to the file being closed is unclear - Explorer shows it as being 0 KB and won't allow access as the file is still open. This problem does not affect Works database and word processor files, which are saved properly at once.

The Risk is that if the system hangs before you exit Works, you may lose all your spreadsheet data even though you have pressed "save" from time to time during the session.

Workarounds: Either (a) close and re-open the spreadsheet each time you save it; or (b) tick the "make backup" box; after this the spreadsheet will be saved properly if you issue the save command twice.

This bug was discovered by <bfriesen@my-deja.com>, and I have subsequently verified it for myself. It is not known at this point whether other versions of Microsoft Works are affected.

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Date: Thu, 25 Nov 1999 11:33:48 -0500 From: "Jon Freivald" <jon@freivald.org> Subject: Inadvertent attachments with MS Outlook 98

On two occasions now I have been the recipient of e-mail with attachments that were not meant to be sent to me.

The e-mail was intended for me, but the attachments were not.

On both occasions, the sender was using MS Outlook 98 and had sent the attachments to their intended recipients earlier the same day.

On both occasions the attachments were of highly sensitive nature. (One a strategic planning document and the other a detailed expense report.)

On going to their sent items folder, neither sender showed the attachments with the message to me, and could not find any other indication (other than my contacting them about the attachments) that the attachments had been sent to anyone but their intended recipients.

One of the senders is configured to use a POP server and sent a new message. The other is configured to use the same Exchange 5.5 server that I am, and did a reply to a message I had sent him. The only commonality I am able to establish between the two incidents is MS Outlook 98 being used as the mail client. When I get a few moments to breath, I'm going to try to make the event reproduceable.

Shall I even bother to say -- the risks are painfully obvious!

Jon Freivald -- jon@freivald.org -- http://www.freivald.org/~jon

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Date: Mon, 29 Nov 1999 17:36:49 +0100 From: "John F. Opie" <jfo@feri.de> Subject: Counterfeit Japanese coins and resulting risk...

In today's issue (29 November 1999) of the *Nikkei Weekly* there was an item on a problem developing in Japan with the relatively new 500 yen coin. This coin was introduced to replace a 500 yen note and is relatively simplistic, ie there is no bicolored metals, no special edging etc. 500 yen was around $4.80 on 29. November.

It turns out that this coin can be easily counterfeited using a 500 won (Korean currency) coin worth only 50 yen. This coin is virtually identical to the 500 yen coin, and only needs a couple of seconds under a grinder to remove a small amount of metal in order to make weights identical.

So what, you may ask? Well, coin machines in Japan are a tad more popular than they are elsewhere, and if you toss in one of these obviously adulterated and counterfeit coins, they accept them as if they were a 500 yen coin. But rather than choosing a product, the crooks in this case press for coin return and the machine returns a 500 yen coin.

That's right, it's first in, first out. The sorting mechanism does not hold the coins until the item is chosen, but rather assumes that no one is going to pass counterfeit coins and passes them into the general bin. The system then, when returning money, doesn't return the coins actually entered, but rather a generic coin from a general supply.

It's turning into a major nightmare for the coin-operated machinery industry, since you can run large amounts of these coins through machines in a rather short time (they are, of course, pre-loaded with a set amount of cash in order to make change for large bills, and of course the 500 yen coin is popular for this reason...).

The lesson to comp.risks? Of course, that assumption that a coin is a coin. A counterfeit coin returned (last in first out, or holding the coins in a holder until a purchase was actually made, ie caching the coins until use) to a crook is useless and there would not be a multi-million yen loss; by passing them through into a generic coin bin, opportunities for abuse were created that will require reequipping all coin-operated vending machinery with new sensors or other ways of validating coins, and of course the general aggregation when you make a legitimate purchase and the machine gives you a handful of worthless slugs as change...

John F. Opie, Senior Economist, Feri GmbH jfo@feri.de Harald Quandt Haus, Am Pilgerrain 17, Postfach 1454 D-61284 Bad Homburg vor der Hoehe

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Date: Thu, 2 Dec 1999 09:21:53 -0500 (EST) From: Sam Kasseman EECE <usa1@Glue.umd.edu> Subject: Coppermine bug stops PC shipments

Dell has stopped shipping its Optiplex GX110 corporate desktop because a bug in the high-end Pentium III Coppermine processors can prevent booting. [ZDNet]

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Date: Wed, 01 Dec 1999 15:44:55 -0800 From: Martin Minow <minow@pobox.com> Subject: Jane's article on cyberterrorism hype

SlashDot <http://www.slashdot.org/> references an article to be published in Jane's Intelligence Review on "Cyberterrorism Hype", posted at <http://jir.janes.com/sample/jir0525.html>. The article's author, Johan J Ingles-le Nobel, discussed the subject with SlashDot contributors.

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Date: Fri, 3 Dec 1999 05:56:22 -0800 From: "Epstein, Jeremy" <Jeremy_Epstein@NAI.com> Subject: Stock performance charts

*The Washington Post* business section 22 Nov 1999 included a corrected chart showing performance of recent Washington-area IPOs, with the following note:

"The stocks of companies that have gone back to Wall Street to sell shares in the last two years have not performed as badly as appeared [in the November 15 issue] ... which were based on inaccurate information in the Bloomberg News database. Bloomberg failed to adjust for stock splits in the post-offering performance calculations .... Bloomberg is aware of the flaw and plans to fix it. .... The corrected chart ... shows that 18 of 39 secondary issues were trading above their offering prices as of November 12. That's a 46 percent success rate, substantially better than the 33 percent cited in [the November 15 issue]."

For a company that makes its living selling financial data, this seems like a rather substantial oversight for Bloomberg! GIGO rules again?

--Jeremy Epstein, NAI Labs

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Date: Wed, 24 Nov 1999 18:16:17 -0000 From: "Christopher St.John" <chris.st.john@NO.san.SPAM.com.PLEASE> Subject: Railtrack timetable server has Y2K problems?

The UK Rail Operating company, Railtrack, have an online timetable information system which collates timetables from the various train operators (see www.railtrack.co.uk )

Recently a suspicious warning has appeared on their timetable form: ======================================================= Please read this BEFORE you travel! We have identified a problem with our online timetable service.

Currently the online timetable may return inaccurate results. Though most of the information returned by the online timetable is accurate, weekend journey information and journey information for travel between Christmas Eve and January 2nd may be inaccurate.

We have identified the cause of this problem and are working on a solution as a matter of the highest priority. A full and accurate service will be restored as soon as possible.

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Date: Sun, 5 Dec 1999 22:10:29 -0500 From: Mich Kabay <mkabay@compuserve.com> Subject: Worm.Mypic: Will Y2K provide cover for worm/viruses?

The upsurge in e-mail-enabled worms and viruses appears to be supporting the predictions of anti-virus experts who said that the Y2K transition would see a flurry of new viruses and variants that would contribute to confusion about the source of software problems following New Year's Day 2000.

Nancy Weil, writing in ComputerWorld <http://www.computerworld.com/home/news.nsf/all/9912035y2kworm>, suggested that the Worm.Mypic (aka W32/Mypics.worm) demonstrates the kind of problem we are going to face in coming weeks. Worm.Mypic arrives as an executable attachment (Pics4You.exe with a length of 34,304 b). If executed, the program e-mails itself to the usual first 50 names in the MS-Outlook address list (and continues to try to do so at regular intervals). As soon as the date changes to 1 Jan 2000, the resident virus overwrites checksum data for the computer's BIOS, interfering with the boot sequence. The virus also attempts to format C: and D: drives.

As usual, everyone agrees that it is critically important to update virus-signature files even more frequently than usual as we approach the new year.

M. E. Kabay, PhD, CISSP / Director of Education R&D Group, ICSA Labs <http://www.icsa.net>

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Date: Fri, 3 Dec 1999 From: (Identity withheld by request) Subject: Y2K compliance

The IEEE created a document (either a standard, a standard practice, or a guide), I forget which status it achieved in which Y2K compliance was originally defined, essentially, as "the software will work after the start of the millennium". It was pointed out that this was ridiculous since the software might not work beforehand and it shouldn't suddenly work afterwards. So the definition was changed to, essentially "the software will work as well after the millennium as it did before".

Increasingly, I am seeing organizations break all kinds of software now, in their mad scramble to apply Y2K fixes (well, they are called fixes). If I apply the definition, it is clear that they are ensuring Y2K compliance by the following strategy.

Start with a currently operational system that may (or may not) be Y2K compliant. Apply Y2K fixes so that the system becomes non-operational and now, by the IEEE definition they are guaranteed to be Y2K compliant.

The real risk, behind this the above is, of course, that many organizations (including those that should know better) have left it *far* too late to apply and test patches and are now scrambling to become Y2K compliant. Who knows what will be broken next or the vulnerabilities that are being opened up?

[Yes, we know, 2000 is not the beginning of the next "millennium". PGN]

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Date: Thu, 2 Dec 1999 11:13:50 -0500 (EST) From: Henry Spencer <henry@spsystems.net> Subject: Re: Irish telephone network outage brings Y2K fears (Casey, R-20.66)

It sounds like the problem may have manifested itself only when the system was under load (if it took from night/morning until midafternoon for it to really make a mess), in which case having the upgrade done on the weekend might not have been an improvement.

There is also a practical issue: it is often safer to make such changes at times when your full staff is at work, so that minor problems can be spotted and handled quickly. This inherently conflicts with wanting to keep major failures out of the way of the customers, so it unfortunately requires guessing how serious the problems are likely to be. Sometimes you guess wrong.

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Date: Mon, 22 Nov 1999 00:38:29 -0700 From: Ben Hines <bhines@san.rr.com> Subject: Risks of US-Euro date conversion (Re: Ezquibela, RISKS-20.65)

>All this trust is lost because, in the jump to secure HTTP, they used an SSL >2.0 certificate from RSA Data Security valid until _12/10/99_ 23:59:59.

Of course, here in the US, where RSA is based, "12/10/99" is December 10th, 1999, so the key is still valid. You, being in Spain and interpreted this as October 12, 1999.

-Ben bhines@san.rr.com <http://members.tripod.com/~tunnels/>

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Date: Mon, 22 Nov 1999 13:03:57 +0100 From: Michael Detambel <detambel@mail.bfw-oberhausen.de> Subject: Re: Mars climate orbiter

Approximately 15 years ago I worked in a project on a Krupp process computer. I developed the application software in the real time programming language PEARL, a colleague the system software (e.g. a mask generator and handler for the 25x80 character display terminals) in the system language of the computer, META-S. For the interprogram communication he has provided a call interface, over which the field entrys and the field attributes could be exchanged. For the set and reset of the field attributes there was a byte, whose bits were assigned to individual values. E. g. if bit was 1 on, the field on the display should flash, with bit 2 the Field should appear in reverse mode representation etc. However, that never works and we needed some time, until we had found the bug: In the programming language PEARL the bits are counted from left to right, with beginning by the value "1" (the most significant bit first), in the programming language META-S from right to left (with the first value zero)...

Michael Detambel (Translated by Babelfish)

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Date: Mon, 22 Nov 1999 11:32:54 -0600 (CST) From: tmcd@jump.net (Timothy A. McDaniel) Subject: Re: Sarah Flannery (Quisquater, RISKS-20.65)

Jean-Jacques Quisquater <jjq@dice.ucl.ac.be> gave a number of links giving further information about Sarah Flannery and her proposed cryptosystem. It should be mentioned (as M. Quisquater did not) that the last link, the one containing her paper, http://cryptome.org/flannery-cp.htm has an postscript showing that her public-key system can be broken and "there's no hint yet of a repair". So far as I can tell, none of the other links he provided, to press releases and further information and such, mention that either.

Tim McDaniel, tmcd@jump.net

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Date: 23 Sep 1998 (LAST-MODIFIED) From: RISKS-request@csl.sri.com Subject: Abridged info on RISKS (comp.risks)

The RISKS Forum is a MODERATED digest. Its Usenet equivalent is comp.risks. => SUBSCRIPTIONS: PLEASE read RISKS as a newsgroup (comp.risks or equivalent) if possible and convenient for you. Alternatively, via majordomo, SEND DIRECT E-MAIL REQUESTS to <risks-request@csl.sri.com> with one-line, SUBSCRIBE (or UNSUBSCRIBE) [with net address if different from FROM:] or INFO [for unabridged version of RISKS information] .MIL users should contact <risks-request@pica.army.mil> (Dennis Rears). .UK users should contact <Lindsay.Marshall@newcastle.ac.uk>. => The INFO file (submissions, default disclaimers, archive sites, copyright policy, PRIVACY digests, etc.) is also obtainable from http://www.CSL.sri.com/risksinfo.html ftp://www.CSL.sri.com/pub/risks.info The full info file will appear now and then in future issues. *** All contributors are assumed to have read the full info file for guidelines. *** => SUBMISSIONS: to risks@CSL.sri.com with meaningful SUBJECT: line. => ARCHIVES are available: ftp://ftp.sri.com/risks or ftp ftp.sri.com<CR>login anonymous<CR>[YourNetAddress]<CR>cd risks [volume-summary issues are in risks-*.00] [back volumes have their own subdirectories, e.g., "cd 19" for volume 19] or http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/VL.IS.html [i.e., VoLume, ISsue]. also new AUSTRALIAN archive http://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/risks/ PostScript copy of PGN's comprehensive historical summary of one liners: illustrative.PS at ftp.sri.com/risks .

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End of RISKS-FORUM Digest 20.67 ************************