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RISKS-LIST: RISKS-FORUM Digest Tuesday, 24 November 1987 Volume 5 : Issue 64

FORUM ON RISKS TO THE PUBLIC IN COMPUTERS AND RELATED SYSTEMS ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator

Contents: [MOSTLY ODDS AND ENDS] More on NASA Hackers (Dave Curry) Re: Video signal piracy hits WGN/WTTW (Will Martin) Logic Bombs; Centralized Auto Locking (P. T. Withington) Re: Mariner 1 (Henry Spencer, Mary Shaw, Andrew Taylor, Martin Ewing) Bank Transaction Control (Scott Dorsey) Re: Sudden acceleration revisited (Donald A Gworek) Re: CB radio and power (Jeffrey R Kell) More on Garage Doors (Brint Cooper) Train crash in Sweden (Matt Fichtenbaum) Re: L.A. Earthquake & Telephone Service (Darin McGrew)

The RISKS Forum is moderated. Contributions should be relevant, sound, in good taste, objective, coherent, concise, nonrepetitious. Diversity is welcome. Contributions to RISKS@CSL.SRI.COM, Requests to RISKS-Request@CSL.SRI.COM. For Vol i issue j, FTP SRI.COM, CD STRIPE:<RISKS>, GET RISKS-i.j. Volume summaries for each i in max j: (i,j) = (1,46),(2,57),(3,92),(4,97).

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Date: Tue, 24 Nov 87 10:36:28 EST From: davy@intrepid.ecn.purdue.edu (Dave Curry) To: risks@kl.sri.com Subject: More on NASA Hackers

Some of this information has already been covered in RISKS and elsewhere, but this article does a fairly good job of summing up both the original problem and DEC's response to it. (Dave)

Quoted without permission from "Digital Review", November 23, 1987, page 80.

NASA Hackers: There's More to the Story Vin McLellan

More details have come to light regarding the attack this summer on NASA's Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) by the young German hackers known in the European press as the "Chaos Computer Club". SPAN is a large, VAX-based network for scientists in the United States and other countries who wish to exchange unclassified information on post-flight space studies. According to NASA officials, SPAN links about 800 computers in government, industry and academe. The SPAN network suddenly became well known after the Chaos hackers held a press conference in Hamburg, West Germany, earlier this fall to decry the lax VMS security that had allowed them to penetrate 20 different SPAN systems in Europe and the United States. NASA officials said the Chaos hackers had a considerably inflated idea of the value and confidentiality of the information stored on the SPAN systems. Although academic researchers may have labeled their files with eye-catching titles such as SDI_STUDIES, explained a NASA spokesman, there was no classified data stored on SPAN. The hackers were, however, able to exploit a flaw in the VMS access control system. The problem was a bug in a VMS system software module called SECURESHR.EXE. DEC first learned of it last year, in late December, according to Andy Goldstein, a senior engineer in DEC's VMS group. The bug was subtle but serious, he said. It allowed a sophisticated hacker to gain privileges from a normally unprivileged account. DEC, said Goldstein, had a "fix" available by early February, "a little slower than usual because of the holidays." The Chaos hackers were able to exploit the delay between the early reports of the problem and the later distribution and implementation of DEC's corrective patch. Although DEC's U.S. and European support centers had the patch available on request in February, Goldstein said, it wasn't until June or July that DEC issued a VMS "special release" to deal with the problem. And even then, there were users who should have received the patch but didn't. The patch to SECURESHR.EXE "took a long time in coming to Europe," complained Roy Omond, EDP manager at the European Microbiology Lab (EMBL) in Heidelberg, Germany. At EMBL, the delay was costly. "Before I had the chance to install the [SECURESHR] patch," Omond said, the Chaos Club had invaded his system. When he realized what had happened, he broadcast an angry warning over SPAN and Arpanet. The Chaos hackers patched two VMS images, SHOW.EXE and LOGINOUT.EXE, explained Omond. Those patches modified the system to install both a VMS "trap door," which let hackers access the system at any time using their own magic password, and a "password grabber" to collect and record the passwords of legitimate users. "Given that these were modifications to the trusted VMS software," Goldstein noted ruefully, "there was nothing that you could do to defend against them." The LOGINOUT patch was "lethal," Omond said. "Not only would it allow entry to any user name with the magic password, but it would also store valid passwords of all users logging in since the patch was installed." The passwords were stored in the 12 bytes reserved for customer use in each User Authorization File (UAF) record. The hackers have a small program that retrieves the user name/password pairs from the UAF, he said, neatly printing them out with an asterisk next to the name of each user with privileges. The Chaos code also corrupted the VMS accounting system, Omond said. Even when hackers were logged in, they would not appear on a job count or be listed with a SHOW USERS command. "They have cost us a lot of real money by using our X.25 connection to log in to several places all around the globe," Omond said. "I have done my best to notify... the VAX sites that were accessed from our hacked system. I pray that no other damage has been done, and that I am not sitting on a time bomb." Omond hid neither his fear nor his anger. He published the names of three people whom he accused of circulating the Chaos code - at least two of them were apparently employees at SPAN sites - in the hope, he said, that "someone somewhere will (a) be saved some hassle from them, and (b) might perform physical violence on them."

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Date: Tue, 24 Nov 87 14:55:14 CST From: Will Martin -- AMXAL-RI <wmartin@ALMSA-1.ARPA> To: rsk@S.CC.PURDUE.EDU Cc: risks@csl.sri.com Subject: Re: Video signal piracy hits WGN/WTTW

For what its worth, the explanation of this incident that I saw on the evening newscasts cited the method as being an overriding of the studio-transmitter microwave link by a higher-effective-power transmitter. They illustrated this with a drawing showing a vehicle with a microwave dish on it pulled up close to the building atop which the transmitters are located, and that dish aimed at the microwave receiving antennae mounted on that building. That could be expected to put higher effective power into that receiver, and some form of "capture effect" would allow this interfering signal to override the normal legitimate input signal coming from the studio.

Of course, there are problems with this -- how would it have affected the satellite-relay of WGN, for example, unless that is taken from an off-the-air signal at the uplink site (which seems an unlikely arrangement)? Same about the microwave land-relays for the PBS station; one would have thought both of those would travel from the studios to various other sites directly. (Perhaps, though, the high-building transmitter site is also a point of origination for microwave relays to other places, and the pirate overriding the input fed his signals into both the broadcast transmitter and the outgoing microwave relay chains?)

The other main problem that occured to me is that it would probably be too obvious and visible to do this. However, now that I think about it, could it have been done from behind a glass window in another tall building around that site? That could be just about undetectable if it is possible. I've been at the transmitter end of such microwave studio-transmitter links where the dish antenna was inside the room, facing directly at an ordinary studs-and-plywood wall. That wall was essentially invisible at those frequencies. (Since this was on top of a mountain, it sure made maintenance easier, keeping the gear out of the weather!) So if one could do this from an office or apartment in a nearby high-rise, behind a curtain and through a closed window or glass wall, the only way to locate it would be to DF the signal while it was actually transmitting. If the pirate kept to short unpredictable bursts, this wouldn't be feasible.

I suppose the studio-transmitter link could be encrypted, but it would still be subject to disruption by this technique. Though this would prevent a pirate from getting a recognizable signal out over the transmitter, his override would keep the legitimate signal from getting through. They would have to go back to landline to avoid that.

Regards, Will Martin

[Rich Kulawiec (rsk@s.cc.purdue.edu) submitted an article by John Camper (and Steve Daley) from the front page of the Chicago Tribune, 24 Nov 87. The article adds details to what Rich contributed to yesterday's RISKS-5.63, but nothing of real relevance to RISKS. Most of you probably saw similar write-ups in your local rags. PGN]

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Date: Tue, 24 Nov 87 12:24 EST From: P. T. Withington <PTW@DIAMOND.S4CC.Symbolics.COM> Subject: Logic Bombs; Centralized Auto Locking (RISKS-5.63) To: RISKS FORUM <RISKS@KL.SRI.COM>

Logic bombs et al.: The version I read [of the $70,000 salami attack] was that, when discovered, the employee threatened to expose that the bank had previously been funneling the same "roundoff" into its own profits and that he went unpunished on his promise to keep quiet. (On the other hand, the "banks get rich on roundoff" tale is an old computer-fraud chestnut, ranking right up there with the alligators in the NYC sewers.)

Centralized Auto Locking: I know a friend whose battery went dead and hence he couldn't unlock his car to open his hood! (Of course the tow-truck operator easily "jimmied" the door lock.)

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Date: Mon, 23 Nov 87 16:03:01 EST From: utzoo!henry@uunet.UU.NET Subject: Re: Mariner 1

Oran W. Nicks, in "Far Travellers" (NASA SP-480) states that Mariner 1 failed because of a combination of two problems. ... And there was a hyphen missing from the internal guidance software. ... Nicks was Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs for NASA at the time, and I think we can assume that he knows what he's talking about.

By the way, Mariner 1 was bound for Venus, not Mars.

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Date: Tuesday, 24 November 1987 15:31:50 EST From: Mary.Shaw@sei.cmu.edu To: risks@csl.sri.com Cc: Richard.S.D'Ippolito@sei.cmu.edu Subject: Mariner 1

In SEN 5,2 (April 1980), a letter from the editor on p. 5 said that it was Mariner 18 that was blown up because of a missing NOT in a program. I didn't note any further attribution.

[You can't always trust those editors. Besides, I'm not even sure there ever was a Mariner 18. PGN]

In RISKS-3.41 (August 1986), Alan Wexelblat reported that a Mariner probe to Venus was lost because a period replaced a comma in a FORTRAN DO statement (that is, something of the form DO 3 I=1,5 became DO3I = 1.5). Wexelblat attributed this report to an article in the Annals of the History of Computing, 1984 (6) 1, page 6; I haven't followed the pointer back. Mary

[Andrew Taylor <ATAYLOR@ibm.com> reminds us of the reference (in RISKS-4.1) to Software Engineering Notes v8,5 and v11,5. The earlier one refers to the Annals of the History of Computing. I was hoping someone would turn up an independent source. PGN]

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Date: Tue, 24 Nov 87 18:36:50 EST From: kludge@pyr.gatech.edu (Scott Dorsey) To: RISKS@kl.sri.com Subject: Mariner 1 or Apollo 11? (RISKS-5.63)

I heard that the famous "./," disaster caused the problem with the onboard IBM 1800 on Apollo 11. I heard this from a professor who teaches Fortran, so I'm not so sure about the reliability of the source. Anyone else have information on either the Apollo or the Mariner problems?

Scott Dorsey Kaptain_Kludge SnailMail: ICS Programming Lab, Georgia Tech, Box 36681, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 Internet: kludge@pyr.gatech.edu uucp: ...!{decvax,hplabs,ihnp4,linus,rutgers,seismo}!gatech!gitpyr!kludge

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Date: Mon, 23 Nov 87 23:36:23 PST From: mse%Phobos.Caltech.Edu@DEImos.Caltech.Edu (Martin Ewing) Subject: Bank Transaction Control To: risks%Phobos.Caltech.Edu@DEImos.Caltech.Edu

"Our money is managed by people who care nothing for the details of an single transaction." [sic] (Grubbs, 4.61)

I had a friend who was employed as an old-fashioned bank teller a few years ago. From her report, it was an extraordinarily grinding, low- paying job. Error control consisted of making her personally responsible for any cash shortages at the end of the day. More than one or two discrepant days and she would be out on the street.

Was this strict supervision to protect the customers, or to prevent employee pilferage? You decide.

There seems to be no control in ATM systems that's quite comparable. Should programmers, maintenance people or DP execs be forced to make good any system losses?

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Date: 24 Nov 87 13:32:45 GMT To: comp-risks@RUTGERS.EDU From: gworek@codas.att.com (Donald A Gworek) Subject: Re: Sudden acceleration revisited Organization: AT&T, Altamonte Springs, FL

Word of advice. If you find yourself in sudden acceleration and the brakes can't stop the car, try knocking the gearshift into neutral to disable the car.

Gearshifts are usually built with a feature where you can slip into neutral just by pushing the shifter.

I learned this technique in driver's ed several years ago to avoid getting into an accident if the gas pedal sticks to the floor. The engine will roar, but at least you'll be stationary or in control of the vehicle.

Don Gworek { gatech, ihnp4, mtune }!codas!gworek

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Date: Mon, 23 Nov 87 14:29:52 EDT From: Jeffrey R Kell <JEFF%UTCVM.BITNET@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU> Subject: Re: CB radio and power To: RISKS@csl.sri.com

One addendum to the CB interference postings... CB is 11-meter, or more accurately beginning at the high end of 26Mhz and through 27Mhz. The big hazard of illegal use of 10-meter amateur amplifiers on 11-meter signals is you don't get the RFI reductions from the RF chokes and filters in the amplifier that are tuned to 10-meter. To defend the real amateur stations, they probably aren't generating a 'ludicrous' amount of RFI; but using the same rig at 11-meters loses the inherent filtering and you get lots of noise.

You have probably noticed car radio interference quite often on the freeways when the big trucks with 'alligator' radios pass by (depending on what station you are tuned to). The second harmonic of 26-27 Mhz signals rounds out to 104-108 Mhz, or the upper half of commercial FM radio.

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Date: Tue, 24 Nov 87 9:28:11 EST From: Brint Cooper <abc@BRL.ARPA> To: risks@csl.sri.com Subject: More on Garage Doors

This morning's Baltimore Sun reports that when certain transmitters at Fort Detrich were turned off, the garage door openers in residential Frederick, Maryland, began opening again. It continues that the Army remains non-commital regarding its responsibility in the matter but notes that Detrich is a major communications node for domestic and international traffic.

We should not miss the implied risk to computer systems (and, therefore, the risk to those depending upon computer systems) if such phenomena continue. Today, your garage door won't open; tomorrow, perhaps your PC won't boot. _Brint

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From: genrad!mlf.UUCP@seismo.css.gov (Matt Fichtenbaum) Subject: Train crash in Sweden [RISKS-5.60] Date: 24 Nov 87 14:27:55 GMT Organization: GenRad, Inc., Concord, Mass.

[More on the head-on train crash on 16 Nov 87 in Sweden -- in which nine were killed and 120 injured.] Neither train was to stop in the station; one train, approaching the station at high (traveling) speed, suddenly found itself shunted over to the opposing track.

According to Swedish shortwave news, construction machinery had inadvertently cut a cable. When the cable was repaired two conductors were interchanged, causing the accident. The news report didn't clarify whether the cable error resulted in a switch being in the wrong position or a signal's incorrectly indicating "ok to proceed."

[I first read that as "two (train) conductors" were interchanged. PGN]

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Date: Tue, 24 Nov 87 11:41:04 PST From: ibmpa!mcgrew@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Darin McGrew) To: ibmpa!CSL.SRI!RISKS@csl.sri.com Subject: Re: L.A. Earthquake & Telephone Service Organization: IBM ACIS, PALO ALTO

>... I thought "Lots of people calling relatives tied it >up", which was a factor, but The Institute reports that most of the >delays resulted because the quake knocked phone receivers off the hook.

It seems to me that a telephone handset resting in the cradle of a heavy base with rubber feet stands less chance of ending up off the hook after an earthquake than the new telephones that simply rest on a flat surface.

Could this be a risk of the simple lightweight telephones? Darin

[Comment on the whole issue: Some of the contributions have been somewhat picky lately, and quite redundant. Please observe the masthead guidelines. PGN]

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